Haloo....
Actually. this is my research Proposal to Internationl Forestry Students Accosiation, but gagal lolos gaesssss
so saddddd..........
hemmm semoga tahun depan bisa lebih baik lagi :)
“Impact of wildlife management and
conservation system”
(Change of behavior of wildlife in Gembiraloka’s Zoo)
A Research Proposal
Submitted to the Internasional Forestry Students Association Local Committee Universitas Gadjah Mada as the requirements
for IFSS's Delegate
By :
DICKY HARDI
15/377808/KT/07926
CHAPTER 1
1.
Introduction
Forest
Conservation is to permanently preserve and protect established forests, and to
create and protect new forests. Forests and trees are a crucial part of life on
Earth—from maintaining biodiversity and cleaning the air and water, to
providing basic human needs and contributing to culture and recreation. The United
Nation has declared 2011 as the International Year of Forests, a global
platform to celebrate people’s action to sustainably manage the world’s
forests.
Conservation
grouped into a nature conservation area and nature reserves area. In Natural conservaion area we known there are the
national park, the forest park and the hunting park. The national park is a
nature conservation area which has the original ecosystem, managed with zoning,
as well as used for the purpose of research, education, farming, tourism, and
recreation. The
criteria of the national park is as follows, has a wide enough area so as to
ensure the continuity of ecosystems therein, has a distinct and unique, can be
developed for other purposes in everyday life. And benefits that can be felt from
the national park area are as follows, It is a region that has economic
value, to maintain the balance of life, both biotic and abiotic on land or at
sea, It has the feel of beauty as objects of natural touris, Is the object in
the development of science, education and research, The diversity of natural
resources conservation areas, both land and in water.
Nature conservation is a conservation area for
the collection of plants or animals that are natural or not natural, native or
non-native types. The criteria are set as a region of great forest area are as
follows, It is a region with a characteristic, whether natural or artificial,
It has a natural beauty and fascinating panorama, have sufficient area to allow
for collecting of plants or animals
The
natural park is a nature conservation area established to protect nature, but
used for the purpose of travel destination. Criteria of an area designated as a
natural park area are as follows have an appeal flora and fauna or
ecosystems and geological formations of interest, Has the population at large to ensure
the sustainability and attractiveness for tourism and outdoor recreation, The conditions surrounding environmental support the development of nature
tourism etc. The hunting forest is a forest area which are allowed to
hunt, but in certain species.
On the nature reserve, we
known there are Nature preserve and wildlife reserve. Nature preserve Is a
nature reserve zone which has a specific natural state of plants, animals and
ecosystems. Criteria designated as a nature reserve area is as follows have diversity,
both plantae and wildlife, has natural conditions, both biota and physical
pristine or untouched by humans. And wildlife reserve is a nature reserve zone
is assigned to protect certain animals and their habitats. Criteria used local
wildlife reserve areas are as follows it is a place of living and breeding of
wildlife species, it is the habitat of an endangered species or species feared
extinct, have a level of diversity and high population, it is a lively place
particular migrant species and has a wide area as a habitat of the species in
question.
In this case the protection
of wildlife is still very minimal. Protection and conservation of wildlife is
part of the moral stance and movement in order to realize the environmental
preservation. As a nation that was awarded the highest biodiversity in the
world, Indonesian is obliged to keep it as a form of gratitude. Why do they
need to be maintained and preserved? Why should the wildlife is so important
role for mankind?
Efforts to preserve the diverse
wildlife has been realized by the government and the public by setting specific
landscapes as areas of conservation. In Indonesia, efforts to conserve wildlife
carried out in situ and ex situ.
Preservation in situ is the
conservation efforts under taken in their natural habitat. Preservation is
emphasized that one of the species in the real habitat maintained and preserved. Preservation in situ
carried out in places that are protected by the government. This is a process to protect animal or plant species that are
endangered in their natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the
habitat itself, or to protect the species from predators. One of the benefits
of conservation in situ is that to maintain and restore populations in the
vicinity where they have developed their distinctive properties. Another
benefit is that this strategy helps ensure the ongoing evolution and adaptation
in their environment. But negative effect of in-situ conservation is a living
being can not be too controlled and may even decline because its population
could have been hunted by poachers and do not get enough food (not compete or
even when there is a food crisis). The living beings become dependent on humans
thus losing its original nature. For example of the in-situ conservation is
conservation of the Javan rhino in Ujung Kulon National Park.
Meanwhile, ex situ
conservation conducted on a species outside its original habitat. Preservation
ex situ performed on rare and endangered animals. the protection and maintenance
of plants and animals outside their natural habitat. The botanical gardens,
arboretum, zoo and aquarium is Conventional methods for ex situ conservation. This
facility provides not only sheltered from specimens of rare species but also
have value education. This provides information to the public about the status
of threats to endangered species and the factors that pose a threat and
endangering the life of the species.
Storage of seeds, methods
other ex situ conservation, is storage of seeds in a controlled environment. With
control temperature and humidity conditions, the seeds of some species are kept
will remain viable (capable of living) for decades. This technique is The main
conservation in agricultural crops and began to be used for forest tree species.
The most common form of conservation ex situ
for the tree is stand life. Stands like this often begins with the collection
of seed sources and kept for observation. Stand size may range from specimens in
botanical gardens and the arboretum, to several the small ornamental tree
plotplot, or for larger plot-plot tree.
Ex-situ conservation is
actually very beneficial to protect biodiversity, but far from enough to save
the species from extinction. In addition, ex situ conservation techniques are
often expensive, with cryogenic storage that is not economically feasible in
most species. The seed bank is not effective for certain plants that have
recalcitrant seeds do not remain viable in the long periodic. Pests and
diseases where certain species are conserved do not have the endurance to it
may also be destroy on ex situ cultivation and animals living in captivity ex
situ. However, when a species is really going to become extinct, ex situ
conservation becomes the only remaining option. Better making privacy a species
rather than letting die out completely. Examples where ex situ conservation is
the Taman Safari Indonesia II Prigen, Pasuruan, East Java is located in
Indonesia.
One example of ex-situ
conservation is the zoo. Therefore in my research this time will be more
emphasis on conservation system in zoos. For espesially is Gembiraloka’s zoo at
yogyakarta.
2.
Literature review
2.1 Definition Zoo
Understanding wildlife park (zoo) according to the Association of Zoos
Indonesia (PKBSI) is a single container or parks and green open space or green
belt which is a place to collect, preserve wildlife
welfare and demonstrate to the public and set implementation as ex-situ
conservation institutions. The wildlife is collected in a container garden
wildlife is wildlife protected and not protected by legislation, and will
maintain the purity of its kind in a way kept, bred outside its natural habitat (PKBSI)
On the other opinion about Zoos or
wildlife parks where the animals are kept in an artificial environment, and
shown to the public. Aside from being a place for recreation, the zoo serves as
a place of education, research, and conservation efforts for endangered
species. The animals were kept in zoos are mostly animals that live on land,
while water animals kept in the aquarium.
Based Forestry Minister Regulation
No. P.53 / Menhut-II / 2006 conservation organizations, zoos are A place or
container which has a primary function as a conservation organization whose
efforts the care and breeding of various species based on ethics and the rules
of animal welfare in order to establish and develop a new habitat, as a means
of protection and preservation of species through rescue, rehabilitation and
reintroduction of natural and exploited as a means of education, research,
development of science and technology as well as a healthy recreation
facilities.
2.2 Definition Fauna
Fauna or faunæ are all animal life from each region or time. Animals are living beings that are diverse and can is found in nearly all corners of the earth, including the ocean depth,
area poles, even in the body of other
animals. Animals obtain their food by eating other organisms and a large part can move freely. Although there are also animal was wasting his adult life in one place. Animal body composed of many cells and have a network of nerves and
muscles so it can react to its environment.
2.3
Animal welfare
Animal welfare is not just physical needs or absence of
injury and disease in animals, but also include psychological needs of the
animal. Well that physical condition is an important aspect in animal welfare,
but the welfare of the animals can still be said to be bad even though there
are no real physical problems in the body. For example, if the animals are in a
state of fear, bored, frustrated, anxious or suffer from high stress pressures
they may look "normal" but in fact they are in circumstances that are
not prosperous. Therefore, it is important for us to be able to observe and
assess the animal welfare conditions around us, including the condition of
animals in zoos.
One reference minimum animal
welfare standards that can be used is the principle of 'Five Freedoms of
Animals' (Five Freedoms for Animals) formulated by the Commission Bramble in
the UK in 1965. The five principles are :
Freedom from hunger and thirst are
basic needs of all animals, including animals that are in captivity which
should emphasize consideration of the type of food provided, the frequency and
manner of presentation, as well as its nutritional quality, according to the
specific needs of each species,
Freedom from physical discomfort
requires consideration of several factors, including protection from adverse
weather conditions (eg rain, snow and wind), the availability of fresh air,
shade and warm, affordable place to sunlight if required, the availability of
underground passageways that are appropriate for animals who like to dig, the
availability of trees and plants, facilities for climbing and other materials
that allow the use of vertical space for animals that like to climb or fly.
Freedom from pain, injury and
disease should consider the design of the enclosure, the availability of equipment
enclosures, the availability of sufficient space and social life in groups
appropriate to prevent conflicts between the animals, appropriate sanitation,
food and medical care from a veterinarian to prevent or treat wounds and
disease suffered by animals.
Freedom to express normal behavior
including giving the animals the opportunity to choose and control, in order to
enable them to make meaningful contributions in the quality of life of their
own.
Freedom from fear and distress not
only includes freedom from fear and distress caused by physical injury or
intimidation caused by the animals that live in social groups of excessive or
abnormal, but also the threat of predators (predator from the outside and
diseases). Frustration and boredom must also be taken to ensure that animals do
not suffer from chronic stress.
in general, animals are placed in
cages that do not meet the requirements, it will show the overall drop in the
level of interaction with their environment. This can be expressed in a wide range
of behaviors, such as when they are sitting, lying or reproduce sleep,
excessive reaction to novelty or improvement of abnormal behavior such as
behavioral stereotypes / abnormal (such as swaying, pacing, shaking his head,
toying tongue, etc.
2.4
The Behavior’s Animal in Gembiraloka zoo
The
behavior of wildlife in zoo usually very
influencing by its environment. Even they being tame but there is still owning natural
attitude of them. The mentioned like existence of animal attack in zoo etc. The
all the things because is fifth of factor above do not be executed. What about
animals behavior in Gembiraloka Zoo?? That the problem who I research in this
time.
3.
The Problem and the Goals
3.1 The problem statements
1.
Are there change of the
behavior of wild animal in Gembiraloka's zoo ?
2.
How change of the behavior
can be happened ?
3.
What is the factor ?
4.
Are there degradation of
health storey level in Gembiraloka's zoo ?
5.
How treatment accepted by
animal there ?
3.2
The objective of the study
The Target of study from this research
is to reply/ answer every thing becoming the problem statements.
4.
Hypothesis
1.
Saturation
of wild animal cause at lowering of health of animal
2.
Change
of animal attitude because of the so small cage compared to his original
habitat in free nature
5.
The research method
1.
Direct
interview to organizer of zoo, visitor and observer of animal
2.
Survey
to animal cages as the sampel of the
research
3.
Data
change of the behavior and health of animal’s sampel
